In this episode, we dive into the intersection of the menstrual cycle and athletic performance—a topic often surrounded by strong opinions but surprisingly limited evidence. Joined by Dr Kelly McNulty, researcher and practitioner, and Sarah Massey, experienced coach, we break down the key phases of the cycle, highlight when ovarian hormone levels rise and fall, and explore the popular theory that certain types of training should align with these hormonal shifts. But does the science actually support that idea?

Together, we take a critical look at the research—what’s known, what’s still unclear, and where the gaps are. More importantly, we focus on practical, athlete-centered approaches: being symptom-led, being "your own scientist", using tracking tools effectively, and how to open the conversation—especially with younger athletes—in a way that empowers and informs.

Whether you're a coach, practitioner, or athlete yourself, this episode offers a grounded and positive perspective on managing training around the menstrual cycle without falling for the hype.

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Links

• One of Kelly's papers that summarizes the literature and shows a trivial impairment during the early follicular phase
• Paper showing that the anabolic response to resistance training is unaffected by menstrual cycle phase
• Kelly's study on symptoms experienced during menstruation and their perceived effects on training and performance
• Researchers raise the bar for studies on the menstrual cycle by calling for measurement, not guesswork
• "No influence of influence of women's menstrual cycle phase on acute strength performance or adaptations to resistance exercise training"
• Another of Kelly's papers, this one summarizing the literature on the effect of oral contraceptives on exercise performance
• Developing a tool for ovarian hormone profile classification
• Kelly's educational resource, Period of the Period

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In this emergency bonus episode, Ross reacts to the bombshell news: Kenya's Ruth Chepng’etich, who stunned the world with her record-breaking marathon in Chicago last year, has been provisionally suspended by the Athletics Integrity Unit after testing positive for a banned diuretic in March. The performance shocked the running community at the time — questions and doubts sparked a parliamentary inquiry in Kenya after a journalist’s pointed question at the press conference. We even released a podcast titled “Too Good To Be True?” analyzing the run.

Now, that skepticism feels vindicated. Ross breaks down why the doubts were justified despite the usual defenses ("she's always been talented", "she worked hard"). He explains what a diuretic does, why this kind of doping bust leaves him cold and underwhelmed, and how it fits a familiar pattern in elite sport. We also explore the shadowy roles of agents and coaches — and ask why it's always the athlete left holding the bag?

Finally, Ross reflects on the cycle of hope, hype, and heartbreak that defines modern sport — from the marathon course to the Tour de France, can we trust what we see? Why should we, when the characters and incentives remain the same? Same script, different stage.

Links

• The AIU statement on Chepng'etich's provisional suspension
• The timeline as posted by Chris Chavez on X
• Our podcast on the performance at the time - we were highly, highly skeptical
• The Discourse thread at the time of that performance - members only
• The Discourse thread that is growing now, out of the announcement last night - members only

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In a packed episode of Spotlight, we kick off with a Discourse Digest that begins on the grass of Wimbledon, where Jannik Sinner and a dominant Iga Świątek took home the titles. Then it’s to the rugby fields of South Africa, where the Springboks—led by the ever-innovative Rassie Erasmus—have once again found a tactical edge. But is it genius strategy or a rule-bending loophole?

In Center Stage (17:10), the Tour de France is in focus. Jonas Vingegaard's muscle has matched Pogacar on short, punchy climbs, but can he hold his own as the race hits the high mountains? We also break down Remco Evenepoel’s pre-race cooling technique - placing hands and forearms in ice water - to explore what the science says about its effectiveness. Plus, we revisit the ongoing issue of concussions in cycling to explain the paradigm shift that is needed to buy space and time for better concussion identification.

In Ross Responds (52:07), we revisit the topic of cramp and sodium loss, answering a listener question about 'salty sweat' with a dive into how our bodies prioritize the regulation of sodium concentration, and why sweat testing is nothing more than a measure of the body's systems working to defend physiological 'normal'. In Listener Lens (1:00:10), Tim is looking to break a barrier over 10km, and our Discourse community zeros in on the key to unlock that performance: pacing. We offer some advice to help him nail it.

And finally (1:06:53), a Zwift racing series has Ross questioning the platform’s 'fairness'. Are the game's efforts to simulate equipment and drafting creating more distortion than accuracy?

Links

• Article on South Africa's innovative midfield maul set up
• Stanford study that finds that palm cooling (with a vacuum device) improves performance in bench press and pull ups. Too good to be true
• Conversely, study showing that palm cooling does not improve interval running performance
• And conversely again, study showing that immersing the hands and forearm in cold water improves sprint performance
• Healy's power numbers from the day, the trigger for our IF discussion
• Cycling's concussion policy
• For Discourse members only, Tim's question about his 10km quest and discussions on improving pacing
• Discourse members talk cramp

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It's time to pour yourself some pickle juice and suck on a salt tab (or is it?) as we talk exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMCs) - one of the most complex, and common, afflictions facing athletes. Difficult to research and predict, the causes of EAMC's can be varied depending on the individual, as are the solutions to fix them. In this episode, Prof. Ross Tucker and Mike Finch break down the most common theories around causes and then discuss the best long-term, medium-term and immediate solutions (yes, there are some!) to preventing this painful condition.

Discourse

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SHOW NOTES

The cramping thread on Discourse - members only

An Evidence-Based Review of the Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Prevention of Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps

Similar review on cramps

Study showing how pickle juice works fast in low doses, via a neural reflex

Ron Maughan paper on muscle cramps, contrasting the hydration model with the neural theory

People who cramp have similar sodium and other electrolyte levels to those who don’t cramp

If you drink more, your sodium levels drop, even if you drink an electrolyte containing drink

A paper that compares the two leading hypotheses for cramps:

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The show

This week on The Real Science of Sport Spotlight world records fall and big questions rise. Faith Kipyegon and Beatrice Chebet lit up the track in Eugene—how fast can they go, and what happens if (or hopefully when) they clash over 5000m, 3000m, or possibly even 1500m? Their record-breaking performances headlined a meeting that showed track and field can be exciting, modern, and appealing to younger fans. Is the sport in better shape than critics thought? From spikes to strings, we then turn to Wimbledon, where Electronic Line Calling has come under fire. Is the system flawed, or just misunderstood? We break down the tech, the myths, and why perfection was never the point.

In our Center Stage (27:44), we focus on the Tour de France, where concussions, broken bones, and questions of responsibility have again reared their head. Do race organizers or riders bear the blame? We explore the UCI's priorities, enforcement of their own rules, and creation of new rules with marginal benefits. We also discuss the race. Jonas Vingegaard says he’s heavier, more muscular, and more powerful than ever. Will that close the gap to Pogacar? The early signs, after the Stage 5 TT, suggest an emphatic "no"? Is he solving the 'wrong' problem, and how will that increased mass play out against a relentless Pogacar in the mountains?

We also Spotlight listener insights in Ross Replies (52:00), with a focus on David Roche’s Western States DNF and his pre-race transparency. You wondered whether he created mental and emotional pressure on himself by being so open, and we discuss. In Listener Lens (58:25), we celebrate some Discourse success stories. And finally (1:02:16), are endurance athletes more likely to have daughters? A quirky study suggesting so closes the show.

Links

• USADA statement on the father and son banned for testosterone use
• Guardian article on the tech failures and player mistrust of electronic line calling
• Strong criticism of the UCI/ASO for a hazardous stage finale in the race
• The Michael Woods Tour diary in which he describes the ASO approach to safety, including his thoughts on how to improve safety
• Vingegaard's comments about his power, weight and performance prospects
• Are athletes getting older - for DISCOURSE only, Max's amazing analysis on age of elite athletes over the years
• Endurance athletes are more likely to have girls - the quirky paper we finished on

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Kevin Ullyett has won 34 career tennis titles - including two doubles (2001 US Open, 2005 Australian Open) and one mixed (2002 Australian Open) Grand Slams - and had a world ranking of 107th in singles. So he knows what it's like to fight his way through the ranks and play among the best. In this interview with Ross and Mike, Ullyett explains what it takes to make it to the top tier of professional tennis, the daily and financial pressures of just breaking even, how players cope with loneliness and the ups and downs and how modern developments in string technology have changed the face of the game in the last 10 years. It's a fascinating insight into the realities of a career where unwavering determination is one of the most important qualities a player can have,

SHOW NOTES

Kevin Ullyett's Wikipedia page

Andre Agassi's mind games with Boris Becker

Another funny Agassi story about a young Rafael Nadal

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We kick off this Spotlight at the Western States 100, where much of the buzz centered on David Roche’s DNF. Roche, a polarizing figure who promised to “science the shit” out of the race, faced unfair criticism both before and after the race, and Ross reflects on how the scientific process often works best when the "hypothesis" fails, and why confronting failed hypotheses to explain under-performance is more beneficial than riding a wave of success .

The "science the shit out of it" theme continues with Nike’s hyped attempt to help Faith Kipyegon break the 4-minute mile. It didn’t just fall short—it missed by a long shot, with Kipyegon never really giving the barrier a scare with a pacing strategy that reveals they all knew it was not truly feasible. Ross and Gareth unpack the science, pseudoscience and "hacks" behind the effort, with honorable mentions for the obviously flawed claims by scientists about drafting benefits, and criticism of many media who parroted hype points without critical thought. We wonder what the athlete who could break 4 looks like, and postulate that they probably don't exist. Yet. From ultra to ultra-short, we shift to the 100m, where Kishane Thompson clocked a blistering 9.75s—the fastest in a decade, leading Gareth to wonder why sprinting seems to have plateaued post-Bolt?

In Center Stage (37:14), legal expert Matt Kemp joins us to dissect a recent rugby case where a player successfully sued an opponent for causing a spinal injury with a reckless off-the-ball collision. Could this open the door to more civil claims in contact sports? Matt explains the legal standards around recklessness and duty of care. Ross Replies (1:15:23) to Discourse member Paul on the purpose of sports science and what "truth" means when studies can't be replicated?

And in Listener Lens (1:24:15), we explore ATP's role in exercise, wonder whether you can ever “run out” of it, and how the purpose of metabolism is to keep it in good supply. And Finally (1:31:17), we invite you all to join our Tour de France Fantasy League, and see if you can top Gareth and Ross' picks in our two leagues!

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Links

• Analysis of the 100m event that inspired our 100m chat
• Gymnastic medalists are getting older
• Report on the decision ruling in favour of a player injured by opponent
• Matt, our new legal expert, is a partner at Becker Kemp Solicitors & Attorneys
• Ross' reply to Tony on the ATP depletion question - members only
• TDF FANTASY LEAGUE - play one of our two leagues

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Carbohydrates have always been part of the endurance equation—but how much, when, and which types remain hotly debated. In this listener-driven episode, we tackle those questions and more, exploring a new paradigm in performance fueling that’s reshaping how athletes think about energy during exercise. Dr. Jamie Whitfield, Senior Lecturer at Australian Catholic University’s Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, joins us to break it all down.

For years, endurance athletes were trained to conserve carbs by becoming better fat-burners—adapting diet, training, and supplements to spare glycogen. But that thinking is evolving. As Jamie explains, the focus now is on maximizing carbohydrate use. Why? Because carbs are a more oxygen-efficient fuel source than fat—providing more energy per unit of oxygen. That efficiency improvement is a performance advantage in itself—like a supershoe, but internal.

We dig into how elite athletes are pushing 90 to 120 grams of carbs per hour, and what it takes to train the gut to handle it. Are there limits? What happens when intake exceeds demand? Where does the glucose go? Are there health risks? We also explore carb types and ratios, strategies for carrying fuel without excess weight, and how to tailor intake to your individual needs.

Jamie brings clarity to the technical details, helping translate complexity into actionable insight. If you’re fueling training or racing, this episode will reshape your approach to performance nutrition—and maybe your results too.

Show notes and links

Discourse is our VIP community, and it was questions from those listeners that inspired this interview. If you want to be part of the conversation, driving the content, and then engaging with other listeners after the show, you can join by making a small monthly pledge.

• The Podlogar paper that compared 90g/h to 120g/h, informing some of our discussion
• The Jeukendrup study Jamie mentioned that managed to provide 144g/h of carbs with a glucose-fructose mix
• one of the studies mentioned in which glucose ingested spared liver glycogen use during exercise
• A study that looked at performance and tolerance of carb solutions with different ratios of glucose to fructose

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