In this episode of CSS Breakdown: Book by Book, Season 08, Episode 02, we explore Chapter 2, "War," from "International History and International Relations" by Andrew J. Williams, Amelia Hadfield, and J. Simon Rofe. This chapter confronts the central obsession of International Relations and International History: the causes, motivations, and ending of war. Listeners will delve into the paradoxical nature of war, examining whether its character has fundamentally transformed, especially with technology and global political systems, or if it remains largely constant across history. We explore key questions such as the influence of "great men" versus underlying structures, the profound individual and collective experiences of war, and whether conflicts ever truly "end" or simply leave "unfinished business." The episode touches upon insights from ancient warfare (like "si vis pacem, para bellum" and the role of honor), its role in state-building and globalization in the modern era, and the evolution of just war theory. A significant focus is placed on Carl von Clausewitz's enduring theories on war as "politics by other means" and the concept of "friktion" (unpredictable pitfalls). We then navigate the era of "total war" (1900-1990), discussing World War I's profound impact on public opinion and the birth of the IR discipline, the horrors of World War II and the Holocaust's link to the emergence of human rights, and the unique ideological standoff of the Cold War. Ultimately, this episode offers an insightful look into the enduring nature of conflict and the challenges analysts face when attempting to apply historical "lessons" to contemporary wars. The main concept discussed is the persistent and paradoxical nature of war throughout human history.