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Attachment theory began when John Bowlby rebelled from the psychoanalytic establishment by, for the first time, observing families interacting in order to understand individuals. Bowlby was later joined by Mary Ainsworth who developed on of the most iconic clinical tools in the history of child psychology: The Strange Situation. This episode begins with Bowlby and Ainsworth and explores the difference between their conceptions of attachment and those later proposed by Rudolf Schaffer and Peggy Emerson. It ends by relating how different parenting styles, as conceptualized by Diana Baumrind, Eleanor Maccoby and John Martin, can affect the development of attachment styles.

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This is not medical advice. Please see a licensed physician for any personal questions regarding your own or your child's health.

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Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory of development focuses on the social and emotional aspects of human growth. A child’s cognitive development underlies what Erikson describes and arguably, without the cognitive skills described by Piaget, the psychosocial stages that Erikson describes would not be possible. Erikson's stages emphasize an individual's main psychological struggles or conflicts they are likely to experience as they age. These psychological conflicts are either resolved or not because of interactions with the social environment. He proposes a more or less binary solution to identify formation at each phase of life. For example, a child either establishes a basic trust in others that their needs will be met, or they develop mistrust. Each of these outcomes will carry deep consequences for the future.

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This is not medical advice. Please see a licensed physician for any personal questions regarding your own or your child's health.

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Jean Piaget's description of cognitive development is markedly different from psychosexual and psychoanalytic approaches. He was concerned primarily with cognitive abilities. Instead of basically just making up a complex inner life and mode of relating to mommy’s breast, he described the kinds of cognitive tasks children are actually increasingly able to do as they age. Unlike Sigmund Freud and Melanie Klein and more like Anna Freud and Mahler, he actually studied child development in the real world. He advanced the science of child psychiatry not by speculating about why children do what they do, but actually describing what they do.

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This is not medical advice. Please see a licensed physician for any personal questions regarding your own or your child's health.