This is a conversation with Mr Satya Bhavaraju, the CEO of Refroid Technologies Pvt. Ltd.Flashpoints in Human EvolutionFire, language, writing, wheel, steam engineMicroscope and telescope—unlocking hidden worldsThe Silicon SpringboardTransistor revolution—birth of computingOptical fiber—ultra-fast data transmissionFive Pillars of the Digital EconomySemiconductors, networking, cloud, analytics, AIThe Data Center BoomGlobal growth trendsAI workloads, cloud migrations, and entertainment fueling demandIndia’s Role in the Data RaceIndia generates ~20% of global data but has only ~2% of installed capacityRoadmap to 8 GW of DC capacity by 2030Inside a Data CenterIT systems, electrical infrastructure, and cooling systems$6.5M per MW investment challengeThe Rise of AI HardwareCPUs vs. GPUs—AI workloads demand high-performance chipsAI chips pushing beyond air cooling limitsLiquid Cooling: The Next Frontier3–10x more efficient than air coolingIndia’s energy constraints—urgent need for efficiencyTypes of Liquid CoolingDirect-to-Chip (DCLC): Targeted coolingImmersion Cooling: Servers submerged in dielectric fluidRefroid Technologies is leading India’s cooling innovationsRegulating Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE)Germany mandates PUE less than 1.3India should link tax breaks and green incentives