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What if everything you’ve ever done was inevitable — shaped by causes beyond your control? In this episode, we explore determinism not as a physics problem, but as a moral one. Why do we blame people? Why do we take credit? Nietzsche called it all a mistake — four great errors that have warped how we see the world and ourselves. But was he right?

We also take a sharp turn with Sartre, who thinks even in a determined world, freedom can still mean something — if we’re willing to own our choices without excuse.

This isn’t a debate between science and free will. It’s a challenge to how we judge, punish, and live with ourselves and others.

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In this episode of American Socrates, we dig into Hannah Arendt’s Eichmann in Jerusalem and her famous idea of the “banality of evil.” Arendt argued that great wrongs can be carried out not just by monsters, but by ordinary people who fail to think critically about their actions. What does this mean for the rest of us—especially in today’s political climate?

From Nazi Germany to Trump’s America, this episode asks: What is our responsibility when our leaders do wrong? Can clear thinking really protect us from going along with injustice? And how do we stay human when the system tells us not to ask questions?

Whether you're new to political philosophy or just trying to make sense of the world, this one's for you.

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Explore the Brain in a Vat thought experiment.

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